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The Incredible Double Lives of Spies Who Fooled Everyone Including Their Own Families

This language was supposed to be the language of the future, but instead, during World War II, everyone who spoke Esperanto was persecuted and killed. We have collected all the most interesting facts about artificial languages ​​that will really surprise you.In 1887, on a small booklet, the Polish ophthalmologist Ludwik Lazar Zamenhof wrote a few sentences in a language still unknown to the world, which he called Esperanto (translated as "hopeful"). In 1990, Esperanto was presented at the International Exhibition in Paris. The newly created language quickly became popular and, according to the author's plan, it was supposed to become the only language of international communication, second only to the native language for every person in the world. That is why Esperanto is a fairly simple language - it has 28 letters in its alphabet and only 16 grammatical rules. Most of the words are borrowed from French, English, German and Italian languages. Esperanto also had its language flag colors - green and white, which symbolize hope and peace, and its emblem - a five-pointed star, which symbolizes the five continents. There was even an attempt to create the country of Amikeho, whose inhabitants would speak Esperanto. Esperanto was also supposed to become the official language of the newly created League of Nations, but France voted against it. And Doctor Zamenhof was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize 14 times. However, World War II changed everything. Two dictators - Stalin and Hitler persecuted, thrown into concentration camps, and killed Esperantists, one of them saw this language as a tool of Zionism, and the other did not like the supposedly anti-nationalist ideals of the community. Those speakers of Esperanto who managed to survive were united in communities, but they were no longer taken seriously.In addition to Esperanto, there are many artificial languages ​​in the world, such as Interlingue (Occidental). This language first appeared in Europe in 1922 and was invented by the linguist Edgar de Waal. As in Esperanto, this language also borrows words from the Romano-Germanic group. This language was also persecuted because of its first name occidental, which means "western" in Latin, and the countries of the communist bloc generally considered it a threat that could bring anti-revolutionary ideas.&nbsp;Volapük is another artificial language, which, according to its history, was dreamed up by the priest Johann Martin Schleyer in 1879. According to him, God appeared to him and ordered him to invent and write down his own language, which the priest did immediately. All night he wrote down grammar, the meaning of words, and sentences, and then generally wrote poems in this language. The basis for creating Volapük was German words and individual words twisted from French and English. The author gave up the letter "r", according to his idea, this letter will be difficult to pronounce for Chinese who want to learn Volapük. After the coming to power of the Nazis, who banned foreign languages, the popularity of Volapük quickly declined.In 1955, linguist John Cook invented the Loglan language as an alternative to "normal" non-ideal languages. But the language, which was created mostly for scientific research, became quite popular. What's more, it lacks such concepts as time in verbs or time in nouns. But there are many exclamations in the language, which should express the whole range of feelings - from love to hatred.But the simplest artificial language was invented quite recently - in 2011, Canadian linguist Sonja Elen Kisa invented Topikona. There are only 118 words in her dictionary, each of which has several meanings. The author is sure that thanks to Topikon, she got closer to the "language of the future".

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The Incredible Double Lives of Spies Who Fooled Everyone Including Their Own Families

Esperanto and other invented languages of the world. Who created them and why?

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